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Low Level

OSI Physical layer

1
Bluetooth physical layer
2
Ethernet physical layer Including 10/100/1000BASE-T, 10BASE2, 10BASE5, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-FX, 1000BASE-SX
3
I²C, I²S
4
IEEE 1394 interface
5
ISDN
6
Optical Transport Network (OTN)
7
USB physical layer
8
Varieties of 802.11 Wi-Fi physical layers
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Network Equipments

1
Network interface controller
2
Repeater
3
Ethernet hub
4
Modem
5
Fiber media converter
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Switching Database Manager (SDM)

Ternary Content Addressable Memory (TCAM): rapid table lookups by ACL engine
1
Layer 2 Learning port learning policies
2
Layer 2 Forwarding learned unicast and multicast addresses
3
Layer 3 Routing unicast and multicast route lookups
4
ACL / QoS Table identify the traffic according to security and QoS ACLs
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If these resources are exhausted: Layer 2 Forwarding and Learning, a new learned address will be flooded to all ports within the ingress VLAN. Layer 3 Routing, any L3 unicast and multicast routes will be learned only in software and not programmed into the TCAM.

protocol data unit (PDU)

1
The layer 1 (Physical layer) PDU is the bit or, more generally, symbol ("stream").
2
The layer 2 (Data link layer) PDU is the frame.
3
The layer 3 (Network layer) PDU is the packet.
4
The layer 4 (Transport layer) PDU is the segment for TCP or the datagram for UDP.
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MTU

​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_transmission_unit Ethernet, the maximum frame size is 1518 bytes, 18 bytes of which are overhead (header and FCS), resulting in an MTU of 1500 byte.
Media for IP transport
Maximum transmission unit (bytes)
Notes
Internet IPv4 path MTU
At least 68,[5] max of 64KB[6]
Practical path MTUs are generally higher. Systems may use Path MTU Discovery[7] to find the actual path MTU.
Internet IPv6 path MTU
At least 1280,[8] max of 64KB, but up to 4GB with optional jumbogram[9]
Practical path MTUs are generally higher. Systems must use Path MTU Discovery[10] to find the actual path MTU.
Ethernet v2
1500[11]
Nearly all IP over Ethernet implementations use the Ethernet V2 frame format.
Ethernet jumbo frames
1501 – 9198 or more[14]
The limit varies by vendor. For correct interoperation, the whole Ethernet network must have the same MTU.[15] Jumbo frames are usually only seen in special-purpose networks.
PPPoE over Ethernet v2
1492[16]
= Ethernet v2 MTU (1500) - PPPoE header (8)
PPPoE over Ethernet jumbo frames
1493 – 9190 or more[17]
= Ethernet Jumbo Frame MTU (1501 - 9198) - PPPoE header (8)
WLAN (802.11)
2304
The maximum MSDU size is 2304 before encryption. WEP will add 8 bytes, WPA-TKIP 20 bytes, and WPA2-CCMP 16 bytes.

MAC

12-34-56-78-9A-BC =》 000100{1}[0] 00110100 01010110 01111000 10011010 10111100 [0] individual addresses [1] group addresses

unicast

the frame is meant to reach only one receiving NIC. transmitted to all nodes within the collision domain.
  • In a modern wired setting the collision domain usually is the length of the Ethernet cable between two network cards.
  • In a wireless setting, the collision domain is as far as the radio transmitter can reach.
A switch will forward a unicast frame through all of its ports (except for the port that originated the frame), an action known as unicast flood, if the switch has no knowledge of which port leads to that MAC address.

multicast addressing

the frame will still be sent only once; however, NICs will choose to accept it based on criteria other than the matching of a MAC address: for example, based on a configurable list of accepted multicast MAC addresses. Group addresses, like individual addresses, can be universally administered or locally administered.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. A broadcast frame is flooded and is forwarded to and accepted by all other nodes.

Applications

1
Ethernet
2
802.11 wireless networks
3
Bluetooth
4
IEEE 802.5 token ring
5
most other IEEE 802 networks
6
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
7
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), switched virtual connections only, as part of an NSAP address
8
Fibre Channel and Serial Attached SCSI (as part of a World Wide Name)
9
The ITU-T G.hn standard
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Extended Unique Identifier (EUI) -64 identifiers

1
IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
2
IPv6 (Modified EUI-64 as the least-significant 64 bits of a unicast network address or link-local address when stateless autoconfiguration is used)
3
ZigBee / 802.15.4 / 6LoWPAN wireless personal-area networks
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IEEE 802

1
802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group
2
802.2 developed the Logical Link Control (LLC) standard. officially disbanded.
3
802.3 Ethernet Working Group
4
802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group
5
802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group
6
802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group
7
802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG
8
802.19 Wireless Coexistence Working Group
9
802.21 Media Independent Handover Services Working Group
10
802.22 Wireless Regional Area Networks
11
802.24 Vertical Applications TAG
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Ethernet II (DIX Ethernet) & 802.3 Frame

​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_frame A version 1 Ethernet frame was never commercially deployed.
​
​
Preamble
7 octets
Start of frame delimiter
1 octet
MAC destination
6 octets
MAC source
6 octets
802.1Qtag (optional)
(4 octets)
Ethertype(Ethernet II) or length (IEEE 802.3)
2 octets
Payload
46‑1500 octets
Frame check sequence(32‑bit CRC)
4 octets
Interpacket gap
12 octets
Layer 2 Ethernet frame: ← 64–1522 octets → Layer 1 Ethernet packet & IPG: ← 72–1530 octets → ← 12 octets →
The header = dst/src MAC + EtherType + optional IEEE 802.1Q tag
Frame type
Ethertype or length
Payload start two bytes
Ethernet II
≥ 1536
Any
Novell raw IEEE 802.3
≤ 1500
0xFFFF
IEEE 802.2 LLC
≤ 1500
Other
IEEE 802.2 SNAP
≤ 1500
0xAAAA
EtherType can be used for two different purposes:
  • <=1500: the maximum length of the payload field of an Ethernet 802.3 frame is 1500 octets (0x05DC).
  • >=1536: protocol encapsulated in the payload of the frame. used as EtherType, the length of the frame is determined by the location of the interpacket gap and valid frame check sequence (FCS).
most popular FCS algorithm is a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
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a packet will occupy at least 12+8+64=84 / 92 / 96 bytes on the wire 1Gbps max PPS: 1,488,095 / 1,358,696 / 1,302,083

EtherType

1
0x0800 Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4)
2
0x86DD Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
3
​
4
0x0806 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
5
0x0808 Frame Relay ARP
6
0x8035 Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
7
​
8
0x8847 MPLS
9
0x8848 MPLS with upstream-assigned label
10
​
11
0x880B Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
12
0x8863 PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) Discovery Stage
13
0x8864 PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE) Session Stage
14
​
15
0x8100 IEEE Std 802.1Q - Customer VLAN Tag Type (C-Tag, formerly
16
called the Q-Tag) (initially Wellfleet)
17
0x88A8 IEEE Std 802.1Q - Service VLAN tag identifier (S-Tag)
18
​
19
0x8808 IEEE Std 802.3 - Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON)
20
0x888E IEEE Std 802.1X - Port-based network access control
21
​
22
0x88B5 IEEE Std 802 - Local Experimental Ethertype
23
0x88B6 IEEE Std 802 - Local Experimental Ethertype
24
0x88B7 IEEE Std 802 - OUI Extended Ethertype
25
​
26
0x88C7 IEEE Std 802.11 - Pre-Authentication (802.11i)
27
0x890D IEEE Std 802.11 - Fast Roaming Remote Request (802.11r)
28
​
29
0x88CC IEEE Std 802.1AB - Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)
30
0x88E5 IEEE Std 802.1AE - Media Access Control Security
31
0x8917 IEEE Std 802.21 - Media Independent Handover Protocol
32
0x88F5 IEEE Std 802.1Q - Multiple VLAN Registration Protocol(MVRP)
33
0x88F6 IEEE Std 802.1Q - Multiple Multicast Registration Protocol (MMRP)
34
0x8929 IEEE Std 802.1Qbe - Multiple I-SID Registration Protocol
35
0x8940 IEEE Std 802.1Qbg - ECP Protocol (also used in 802.1BR)
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MPLS

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802.1Q & 802.1ad (Q-in-Q)

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802.1Q tag format
​
​
​
16 bits
3 bits
1 bit
12 bits
TPID
TCI
​
​
PCP
DEI
VID
​
Tag protocol identifier (TPID)： 0x8100/0x88A8 Tag control information (TCI)
  • Priority code point (PCP)： IEEE 802.1p class of service
  • Drop eligible indicator (DEI)/Canonical Format Indicator (CFI)： IEEE 802.1Q-2011 clause 6.9.3
  • VLAN identifier (VID)： up to 4,094 VLANs；0x000 no VLAN; 0x001 default; 0xFFF reserved.
Multiple VLAN Registration Protocol (MVRP), an application of the Multiple Registration Protocol, allowing bridges to negotiate the set of VLANs to be used over a specific link.

Cisco

​VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) is a Cisco proprietary protocol that propagates the definition of Virtual Local Area Networks (VLAN) on the whole local area network.
​Cisco Inter-Switch Link (ISL) is a Cisco Systems proprietary protocol that maintains VLAN information in Ethernet frames as traffic flows between switches and routers, or switches and switches. an alternative to the IEEE 802.1Q standard.
​Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) is a proprietary networking protocol developed by Cisco Systems for the purpose of negotiating trunking on a link between two VLAN-aware switches, and for negotiating the type of trunking encapsulation to be used.

IEEE P802.1p

PCP value
Priority
Acronym
Traffic types
1
0 (lowest)
BK
Background
0
1 (default)
BE
Best effort
2
2
EE
Excellent effort
3
3
CA
Critical applications
4
4
VI
Video, < 100 ms latency and jitter
5
5
VO
Voice, < 10 ms latency and jitter
6
6
IC
Internetwork control
7
7 (highest)
NC
Network control

Bit Rate

Net bit rate ≤ Gross bit rate (line rate) IEEE 802.11a wireless network is the net bit rate of between 6 and 54 Mbit/s, while the gross bit rate is between 12 and 72 Mbit/s inclusive of error-correcting codes. Ethernet 100Base-TX physical layer standard is 100 Mbit/s, while the gross bitrate is 125 Mbit/second.

Wireless

Standard
Rate
​
Year
IEEE 802.11a
54 Mbit/s
6.75 MB/s
1999
IEEE 802.11b
11 Mbit/s
1.375 MB/s
1999
IEEE 802.11g
54 Mbit/s
6.75 MB/s
2003
IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
70 Mbit/s
8.75 MB/s
2004
IEEE 802.11n
600 Mbit/s
75 MB/s
2009
IEEE 802.11ac (maximum theoretical speed)
6.8–6.93 Gbit/s
850–866.25 MB/s
2012
IEEE 802.11ad (maximum theoretical speed)
7.14–7.2 Gbit/s
892.5–900 MB/s
2011

FC

NAME
Line-rate (gigabaud)
Line coding
Nominal throughput/direction
Net throughput/direction
Availability
8GFC
8.5
8b10b
800
825.8
2005
10GFC
10.51875
64b66b
1,200
1,239
2008
16GFC
14.025
64b66b
1,600
1,652
2011
32GFC "Gen 6"
28.05
64b66b
3,200
3,303
2016[6]
128GFC "Gen 6"
28.05 ×4
64b66b
12,800
13,210
2016[6]

Layers

1
FC-4 – Protocol-mapping layer, in which upper level protocols such as SCSI, IP or FICON, are encapsulated into Information Units (IUs) for delivery to FC-2. Current FC-4s include FCP-4, FC-SB-5, and FC-NVMe.
2
FC-3 – Common services layer, a thin layer that could eventually implement functions like encryption or RAID redundancy algorithms; multiport connections;
3
FC-2 – Signaling Protocol, defined by the Fibre Channel Framing and Signaling 4 (FC-FS-4) standard, consists of the low level Fibre Channel protocols; port to port connections;
4
FC-1 – Transmission Protocol, which implements line coding of signals;
5
FC-0 – PHY, includes cabling, connectors etc.;
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Wireshark

1
!(eth.addr==08.00.08.15.ca.fe)
2
(eth.dst[0] & 1) && eth.dst!=ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff # Multicast - Broadcast
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Design

​https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/switches/nexus-5000-series-switches/white_paper_c11-522337.html horizontal distribution area (HDA) access layer, or equipment distribution area (EDA)
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Contents
OSI Physical layer
Network Equipments
Switching Database Manager (SDM)
protocol data unit (PDU)
MTU
MAC
unicast
multicast addressing
Applications
Extended Unique Identifier (EUI) -64 identifiers
IEEE 802
Ethernet II (DIX Ethernet) & 802.3 Frame
EtherType
MPLS
802.1Q & 802.1ad (Q-in-Q)
Cisco
IEEE P802.1p
Bit Rate
Wireless
FC
Layers
Wireshark
Design