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Linux
​Download​
​Debian​
​Ubuntu​
​Mirrors​
​Bash​
​tmux​
​Init​
​login & non-login shells​
​supervisord​
​Exit code​
​Syslog Message Severities​
​Signals​
​kill​
​top​
​Glances - A top/htop alternative - Python​
​User & Permission​
​add user to group​
​password​
​sudoers​
​chown​
​Package Management​
​Redhat​
​Ubuntu​
​Debian​
​experimental​
​dpkg​
​apt​
​ssh server​
​Grub​
​grub-customizer​
​boot repair​
​ubuntu​
​Benchmark​
​ssh redirect​
​web​
​wget​
​curl​
​files​
​find​
​grep​
​compress/uncompress​
​rsync​
​history without line numbers​
​hostname​
​font​
​SELinux​
​Serial Console​
​Dropbox​
​link account​
​Ubuntu snap​
​Proxy​
​JAVA_HOME​
​I18N & I10N​
​Chrome​
​Proxy​
​AD​
​cache diagnostics​
​WOL​
​Tools - Online​
​CPU​
​check_cpu_core_mapping​
​USB Persistence​
​kali​
​tools​
​Video​
​OpenCL​
​zFCP​
​Diagram​
​diskless​
Download
Debian
https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current/amd64/bt-dvd/
Ubuntu
http://ftp.sjtu.edu.cn/ubuntu-cd/
http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/bionic-updates/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/mini.iso
( Mirror only http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ , need proxy, local DNS not working )
Debug: Console 4 or /var/log/syslog
Mirrors
http://mirrors.huaweicloud.com
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
Bash
https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bash.html
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url=https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fzinfz/scripts/master/init.sh # alias & functions
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source /dev/stdin <<< "$(curl -sS $url)"
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​
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set
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    -x                      debug
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    -T                      If  set, any traps on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited
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    -o functrace/errtrace
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​
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shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname …]
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    -s: Enable (set) each optname.
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    -u: Disable (unset) each optname.
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​
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shopt -s expand_aliases     # when the shell is not interactive
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alias foo='...'
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​
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0: stdin; 1: stdout; 2: stderr              # File descriptor
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2>&1 >/dev/null
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&>/dev/null
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ssh-add 2>/dev/null
Copied!
https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/bash.git/
tmux
1
ctrl+b x -> kill pane   # /usr/share/doc/tmux/examples/screen-keys.conf
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cat /usr/share/doc/tmux/examples/screen-keys.conf | grep '\bbind \w'
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Init
Level
Desc
0
Halt the system.
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Single-user mode (for special administration).
2
Local Multiuser with Networking but without network service (like NFS)
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Full Multiuser with Networking
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Not Used
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Full Multiuser with Networking and X Windows(GUI)
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Reboot.
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ls -R -l /etc/rc*
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​
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ls -l /usr/lib/systemd      # check `systemd` page for more
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ls -l /usr/share/upstart    # last release 2014; 3 years ago
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ls -l /etc/init.d           # SysV init
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​
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cat /etc/modules-load.d/*
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​
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apt install systemd-sysv    # make link: /sbin/init -> /lib/systemd/systemd
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login & non-login shells
https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/html_node/Bash-Startup-Files.html
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login shells：  
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    /etc/profile
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    ~/.bash_profile(?-> ~/.bashrc), ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile 
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    exit:  ~/.bash_logout
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​
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non-login shells： 
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    ~/.bashrc
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​
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# echo $0 : `shopt login_shell` \| $-
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-bash : login_shell on | himBHs
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# bash
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# echo $0 : `shopt login_shell` \| $-
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bash : login_shell off | himBHs
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# bash -c 'echo $0 : `shopt login_shell` \| $-'
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bash : login_shell off | hBc
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supervisord
http://supervisord.org/running.html
Exit code
http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/exitcodes.html
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1	Catchall for general errors
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2	Misuse of shell builtins
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126	Command invoked cannot execute
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127	"command not found"	illegal_command	Possible problem with $PATH or a typo
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128+n	Fatal error signal "n"	
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    kill -9 $PPID of script	$? returns 137 (128 + 9)
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130	Script terminated by Control-C
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Syslog Message Severities
https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5424#section-6.2.1
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0       Emergency: system is unusable
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1       Alert: action must be taken immediately
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2       Critical: critical conditions
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3       Error: error conditions
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4       Warning: warning conditions
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5       Notice: normal but significant condition
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6       Informational: informational messages
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7       Debug: debug-level messages
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Signals
1
kill -l
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1) SIGHUP       2) SIGINT       3) SIGQUIT      4) SIGILL       5) SIGTRAP
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6) SIGABRT      7) SIGBUS       8) SIGFPE       9) SIGKILL ... 64) SIGRTMAX
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kill
1
pkill -KILL -u {username}
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top
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* 1 - Single Cpu       Off (thus multiple cpus)
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* c - Command line     Off (name, not cmdline)
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* i - Idle tasks       On  (show all tasks)
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j - Str align right  Off (not right justify)
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V - Forest view      On  (show as branches)
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f - sort/hide columns
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(`*')  could be overridden through the command-line.
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Glances - A top/htop alternative - Python
https://github.com/nicolargo/glances
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pip install glances[action,browser,cloud,cpuinfo,chart,docker,export,folders,gpu,ip,raid,snmp,web,wifi]
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User & Permission
add user to group
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sudo adduser foobar www-data
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sudo usermod -a -G ftp tony
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password
1
echo user:pwd | chpasswd
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sudoers
1
sudo visudo
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    root    ALL=(ALL) ALL # {terminals}=({users}) {commands}
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    %supergroup  ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL
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chown
1
chown -h myuser:mygroup mysymbolic
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Package Management
Redhat
Free RHEL： https://developers.redhat.com/articles/no-cost-rhel-faq/
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subscription-manager register
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subscription-manager attach --auto
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subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-7-server-optional-rpms
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subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-7-server-extras-rpms
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yum install epel-release
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rm -f /var/run/yum.pid <PID> && yum remove PackageKit
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​
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yum-config-manager --disable c7-media
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yum --nogpgcheck localinstall xx.rpm
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​
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### EPEL
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http://elrepo.org/tiki/tiki-index.php
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​
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rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org
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rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-3.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm
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yum install yum-plugin-fastestmirror
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yum --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml
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Ubuntu
Main - Canonical-supported free and open-source software.
Universe - Community-maintained free and open-source software.
Restricted - Proprietary drivers for devices.
Multiverse - Software restricted by copyright or legal issues.
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# https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/
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deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted universe multiverse
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Debian
→ experimental
→ unstable(Sid) → testing → stable
Unstable - repository where new & untested packages are introduced.
Testing - repository with packages from unstable, if no bug are found within 10 days.
main consists of DFSG-compliant packages, which do not rely on software outside this area to operate. These are the only packages considered part of the Debian distribution.
contrib packages contain DFSG-compliant software, but have dependencies not in main (possibly packaged for Debian in non-free).
non-free contains software that does not comply with the DFSG.
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deb http://mirror.sjtu.edu.cn/debian/ bullseye main contrib non-free
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experimental
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deb http://mirror.sjtu.edu.cn/debian/ experimental main contrib non-free
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​
3
apt install -t experimental linux-image-amd64 # latest kernel
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dpkg
1
dpkg --get-selections   # list installed
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To install .deb manually, visit linux/kernel page.
apt
1
apt-get install linux-base -t jessie-backports
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apt-cache search linux-image | grep linux-image-4
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apt install linux-image-4.10.0-9-generic linux-image-extra-4.10.0-9-generic
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​
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apt show linux-image-extra-4.10*
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​
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apt-get install --only-upgrade docker-engine
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​
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apt policy docker-ce | head -n 20
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​
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apt-get autoclean
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apt list --installed
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​
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rm -r /var/lib/apt/lists/*
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ssh server
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deb http://.../debian/ buster main contrib non-free
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​
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apt install openssh-server # not "openssl"
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​
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# fix： userauth_pubkey: key type ssh-rsa not in PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms [preauth]
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PubkeyAcceptedAlgorithms  +ssh-rsa
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Grub
1
grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
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awk -F\' '/menuentry / {print $2}' /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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grub2-set-default 'CentOS Linux (4.9.0-rc8-amd64) 7 (Core)'
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grub2-editenv list
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grub-customizer
1
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:danielrichter2007/grub-customizer
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sudo apt-get update
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sudo apt-get install grub-customizer
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boot repair
https://sourceforge.net/p/boot-repair-cd/home/Home/ apt install linux-image-* # if vmlinuz & initrd.img missing
ubuntu
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sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair
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sudo apt-get update
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sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair && boot-repair
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Benchmark
http://www.brendangregg.com/Perf/linux_benchmarking_tools.png
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    sysbench --test=cpu --cpu-max-prime=20000 --num-threads=32 run
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​
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    wget http://www.numberworld.org/y-cruncher/y-cruncher%20v0.7.1.9466-static.tar.gz
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    tar zxvf y-cruncher\ v0.7.1.9466-static.tar.gz 
Copied!
ssh redirect
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ssh -L 9000:public.com:80   # visit local:9000 -> public.com:80
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ssh -R 9000:localhost:3000  # visit remote:9000 -> local:3000, "GatewayPorts yes" in sshd_config
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    -nNT -L ...   # port forwarding only, no shell
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web
wget
1
wget -O diff_name.zip http://...
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curl
1
curl -O http://...
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curl -o diff_name.zip http://
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​
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curl -sSL $1
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​
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  -f, --fail          Fail silently (no output at all) on HTTP errors (H)
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  -s, --silent        Silent mode (don't output anything)
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  -S, --show-error    Show error. With -s, make curl show errors when they occur
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  -L, --location      Follow redirects (H)
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  -o, --output FILE   Write to FILE instead of stdout
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  -O, --remote-name   Write output to a file named as the remote file
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files
String replace: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/112023/how-can-i-replace-a-string-in-a-files
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apt-get install mlocate
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updatedb
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locate -S
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lsof -p <PID>
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​
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ls --help | grep -E '[-][tr]\b'
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-r, --reverse              reverse order while sorting
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                            extension -X, size -S, time -t, version -v
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-t                         sort by modification time, newest first
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​
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mkdir -p /not/existing/folder
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​
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cat > file <<'EOL'
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EOL
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​
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ncdu --exclude='/root/data/*' /
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​
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du -hcd 2  / | more
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du -a / | sort -n -r | head -n 20
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​
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ls -1 $PWD | wc -l  # count files
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​
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file /bin/ps
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ldd /bin/ps
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find
1
find /home -iname tecmint.txt
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find $1 -iname $2
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# find . ! -readable / -writable / -executabl
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# find . ! -perm -g=w
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​
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find -regextype posix-extended -regex ".*[.](py|sh)" -exec chmod +x {} \;
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grep
1
grep --color=auto -rn -P "${regex}" ${path}
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# -r, --recursive           like --directories=recurse
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# -n, --line-number         print line number with output lines
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# -P, --perl-regexp         PATTERN is a Perl regular expression
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compress/uncompress
1
gunzip file.gz
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​
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tar -czvf name-of-archive.tar.gz /path/to/directory-or-file # Compress
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​
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tar -tvf my-data.tar.gz '*.py'
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​
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tar -zxvf toExtract.tar.gz
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tar -xvf {tarball.tar} {special_file} -C /target/directory
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​
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tar -cf archive.tar foo bar  # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar.
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tar -tvf archive.tar         # List all files in archive.tar verbosely.
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tar -xf archive.tar          # Extract all files from archive.tar.
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    -t, --list                 list the contents of an archive
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    -j, --bzip2                filter the archive through bzip2
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    -c, --create               create a new archive    
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    -x, --extract, --get       extract files from an archive    
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    -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip   filter the archive through gzip
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    -v, --verbose              verbosely list files processed
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    -f, --file=ARCHIVE         use archive file or device ARCHIVE
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​
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zip [options] zipfile files_list
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    -r   recurse into directories
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    -x   exclude the following names
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    -v   verbose operation/print version info
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​
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    -m   move into zipfile (delete OS files) !!
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    -d   delete entries in zipfile !!!
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    -u   update: only changed or new files
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​
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xz --decompress file.xz # -dgrub # unxz
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rsync
1
rsync -aP -e "ssh -p $3" $1 [email protected]$2
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​
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rsync -aP  /root/_bin [email protected]:/root
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rsync -aP -e "ssh -p 10220" /local [email protected]:/dir   --remove-source-files
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    -v, --verbose               increase verbosity
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    -a, --archive               archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)
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        --no-OPTION             turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. --no-D)
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    -r, --recursive             recurse into directories
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    -l, --links                 copy symlinks as symlinks
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    -p, --perms                 preserve permissions
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    -o, --owner                 preserve owner (super-user only)
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    -g, --group                 preserve group
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    -D                          same as --devices --specials
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    -t, --times                 preserve modification times
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    -S, --sparse                handle sparse files efficiently
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    -e, --rsh=COMMAND           specify the remote shell to use
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        --partial               keep partially transferred files
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        --partial-dir=DIR       put a partially transferred file into DIR
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    -z, --compress              compress file data during the transfer
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        --progress              show progress during transfer
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    -P                          same as --partial --progress
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history without line numbers
1
history | cut -c 8-
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  -a	append history lines from this session to the history file  ~/.bash_history    
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hostname
1
hostnamectl set-hostname GZ2C8G
Copied!
font
1
apt-get install  xfonts-base
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SELinux
1
getenforce
2
semanage port -a -t mongod_port_t -p tcp 27017
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Serial Console
https://wiki.openwrt.org/doc/hardware/port.serial
1
cat openwrt-lantiq-ram-u-boot.asc > /dev/ttyUSB0
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screen /dev/ttyUSB0 115200
3
picocom -b 115200 /dev/ttyUSB0
Copied!
Dropbox
link account
~/.dropbox-dist/dropboxd
dropboxd will create a ~/Dropbox folder and start synchronizing it after this step!
unlink: https://www.dropbox.com/account#security
Ubuntu snap
run without root
Proxy
1
vi /etc/environment
2
systemctl restart snapd
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JAVA_HOME
1
echo export JAVA_HOME="/usr/lib/jvm/java-1.8.0-openjdk" >> /etc/profile
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I18N & I10N
1
apt install -y locales-all
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locale -a
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dpkg-reconfigure locales
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​
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yum grouplist chinese-support
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​
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sudo apt-get install -y ttf-wqy-microhei  #文泉驿-微米黑
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sudo apt-get install -y ttf-wqy-zenhei  #文泉驿-正黑
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sudo apt-get install -y xfonts-wqy #文泉驿-点阵宋体
Copied!
Chrome
1
chromium --no-sandbox # start as root
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Proxy
1
export http_proxy=http://proxy_ip:1080
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export https_proxy=http://proxy_ip:1080
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​
4
sudo apt install -y proxychains
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vi /etc/proxychains.conf
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AD
https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/Setting_up_Samba_as_an_NT4_PDC_(Quick_Start)
cache diagnostics
https://hoytech.com/vmtouch/
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git clone https://github.com/hoytech/vmtouch.git
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cd vmtouch && make && sudo make install
3
​
4
Discovering which files your OS is caching
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Telling the OS to cache or evict certain files or regions of files
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Locking files into memory so the OS won't evict them
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Preserving virtual memory profile when failing over servers
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Keeping a "hot-standby" file-server
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Plotting filesystem cache usage over time
10
Maintaining "soft quotas" of cache usage
11
Speeding up batch/cron jobs
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WOL
1
ethtool enp1s0  | grep Wake-on
2
​
3
p (PHY activity)
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u (unicast activity)
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m (multicast activity)
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b (broadcast activity)
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g (magic packet activity) *
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a (ARP activity)
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d (disabled)
Copied!
Tools - Online
http://explainshell.com/
CPU
1
getconf LONG_BIT
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check_cpu_core_mapping
https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SSQPD3_2.6.0/com.ibm.wllm.doc/mappingcpustocore.html
same physical/core ID =》 simultaneous multi threads (SMTs) / HT
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cat /proc/cpuinfo  | grep -P 'processor|physical id|core id|^#x27;
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​
3
pip install walnut    # pretty print
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for c in sorted([ ( int(c['processor']), int(c['physical id']), int(c['core id']) ) for c in cpu.dict().values()]): print c
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USB Persistence
https://docs.kali.org/downloading/kali-linux-live-usb-persistence
http://antix.mepis.org/index.php?title=Using_liveusb_with_persistence
kali
x86/M1/Live/VM/WSL/etc: https://www.kali.org/get-kali
Docker: https://hub.docker.com/u/kalilinux/
tools
https://www.kali.org/tools/
screenshots/cheat sheet: https://www.comparitech.com/net-admin/kali-linux-cheat-sheet/#Kali_Linux_tools
Video
https://askubuntu.com/questions/28033/how-to-check-the-information-of-current-installed-video-drivers
1
dpkg -l amdgpu-pro
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glxinfo | grep direct
3
GALLIUM_HUD=help glxgears
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OpenCL
installable client driver loader (ICD Loader) may expose multiple separate vendor installable client drivers (Vendor ICDs) for OpenCL.
1
sudo apt install ocl-icd-opencl-dev
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zFCP
device driver that supplements the Linux SCSI stack.
Could not load image
Diagram
Could not load image
diskless
https://help.ubuntu.com/community/DisklessUbuntuHowto
https://drbl.org/
1
docker run --network=host -d leejoneshane/drbl-server
Copied!
http://web.mst.edu/~vojtat/pegasus/administration.htm
based on Scientific Linux 7 / CentOS 7 / Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7
Django
Systemd
Last modified 2mo ago